Introduction to part two

pp. 105-108

in: Eugene Long, Twentieth-century Western philosophy of religion 1900–2000, Berlin, Springer, 2000

Abstract

From the perspective of the twentieth century, the remnants of nineteenth century philosophy discussed in Part One of this book, seem to share confidence in human history, its future and the perfectibility of humankind. Whether grounded in religion, reason or science, theologians, philosophers, and scientists found certainty in the divine, in absolute reality, or in their own powers of reasoning. By contrast, the twentieth century has often been characterized as an age of anxiety and uncertainty, an age in which we have limited confidence in both the divine power and the power of human reasoning. I.M. Bochenski speaks in this context of a profound philosophical crisis which extends beyond the field of philosophy and which may be compared with "the general crisis which gave birth to modern culture at the time of the Renaissance."¹ Symptomatic of this crisis is the reactionary nature of much early twentieth century philosophy. Many philosophers developed their positions in opposition to nineteenth century idealism and positivism, seeking to get beyond the limits of both constructivism and relativism. The crisis in philosophy is also suggested in the manifold approaches taken to solving philosophical and theological problems. Even where philosophers share similar origins, they often work within the confines of their own traditions, neglecting or sharply criticizing what is going on elsewhere.